Publications – Science of Virtues Lab

2024

*Bounds, E. M., ‘Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (in press). Religious contingent self-worth in U.S. Christians: Latent profile analysis. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Manuscript accepted for publication.

Whitney, W. B., *Gilbertson, M. K., ‘Ratchford, J. L., Shelton, A. J., Bronk, K. C., & Schnitker, S. A. (in press). A virtue intervention for interracial interactions increases motivation to respond without prejudice. Journal of Positive Psychology. Manuscript accepted for publication.

Upenieks, L., *Bounds, E. M., ‘Nelson, J. M., Melton, K. K., Glanzer, P., & Schnitker, S. A. (in press). Gratitude to God and mental well-being in U.S. collegiate athletes: The explanatory power of perceived indebtedness to God and meaning in life. Mental Health, Religion, and Culture. Manuscript accepted for publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/13674676.2024.2358975

Glanzer, P. L., *Martin, J., *Bounds, E. M., Melton, K. K., ‘Cockle, T. F., & Schnitker, S. A. (in press). Sources of self-worth in U.S. college students: A grounded typology. Journal of College Student Development. Manuscript accepted for publication.

Glanzer, P. L., *Martin, J., *Bounds, E. M., ‘Cockle, T. F., Schnitker, S. A., & Melton, K. K. (2024). The challenge of finding noncontingent, universal worth for elite U.S. college students. Self and Identity, 23(3-4), 268-387. https://doi.org/10.1080/15298868.2024.2357848

Upenieks, L., *Bounds, E. M., Melton, K. K., Glanzer, P., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). Trait courage, attachment to God, and mental well-being among U.S. collegiate athletes. Journal of Religion and Health, 1-22. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-024-02054-z

‘Cockle, T. F., Melton, K. K., Hansen, A., Glanzer, P. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). Christian higher education at secular universities: A multiple-case study of Christian Study Centers and Institutes for Catholic Thought. Christian Higher Education, 23(4), 397-419. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2024.2341855

*Bounds, E. M., ‘Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). Profile membership of self-worth contingencies predicts well-being, virtues, and values. Journal of Happiness Studies, 1-30. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10902-024-00758-3

Schnitker, S. A., ‘Balkaya-Ince, M., & Houltberg, B. (2024). On the importance of attending to meaning, contextualization, and collaboration for character intervention development for adolescents. Journal of Positive Psychology, 19(5), 753-757. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2024.2325460

*Ratchford, J. L., ‘Cazzell, A., *Wood, E., Owens, B., Quinn, R., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). The virtue counterbalancing circumplex model: An illustration with patience & courage. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 19(3), 406-418. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2023.2178960

*Ridder, R. J., *Bounds, E. M., Glanzer, P. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). Social support moderates the association between cocurricular/extracurricular activity and mental illness symptoms. College Student Affairs Journal. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0034673X241256281

Ryan, M., Evans, H., Hoekstra, C., Jung, D., Dougherty, K. D., Glanzer, P. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). Race, religion, and belonging at a Christian university. Religious Education. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/00344087.2024.2303869

Currier, J. M. *Bounds, E. M., *Matsuo, H., Witvliet, C. V. O., Abernethy, A. D., VanHarn, K., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). Temporal associations between meaning in life, ultimate meaning struggles, and mental health outcomes in a spiritually integrated inpatient program. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 80(6), 1306-1322. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23666

^*Zimmerman, J., ^*Bounds, E. M., *D’Aoust, N. M., Rowatt, W. C., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). Psychological inflexibility, reactions to retirement, and mental health outcomes in elite competitors: a mediation analysis. Journal for Advancing Sport Psychology in Research. 4(1), 4-20. https://doi.org/10.55743/000023

Greenway, T. S., *Ming, M. S., *Ratchford, J. L., Glanzer, P. L., Dougherty, K. D., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). The predictive value of virtue: Many virtues predict lower depression and anxiety symptom scores among college students…But gratitude dominates. Journal of College and Character, 25(2), 140-158. https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587X.2024.2326228

*Marple, C., Jeffrey, A., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). Reappraisal as a means to self-transcendence: Aquinas’s model of emotion regulation informs the extended process model. Philosophical Psychology, 1-28. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2024.2307991

‘Nelson, J. M., Hardy, S. M., Tice, D., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). Returning thanks to God and others: Prosocial consequences of transcendent indebtedness. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 19(1), 121-135. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2023.2190926

*Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). Virtue in pursuit of goals: A goals-based approach to patience measurement. Journal of Personality Assessment, 106(2), 181-195. https://doi.org/10.1080/00223891.2023.2219846

*Lee, Y., *Ratchford, J. L., *Ming, M. S., *Al-Kire, R. L., Glanzer, P. L., Dougherty, K. D., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). A person-centered approach to the Dark Triad traits and religiousness: Examining differences in intellectual humility, prosociality, and mental health in U.S. college students. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 16(1), 93-103. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rel0000486

*Al-Kire, R. L., *Ratchford, J. L., Rowatt, W., Tsang, J., & Schnitker, S. A. (2024). Prejudice among the religious majority: A person-centered approach to religious prejudice among Christians in the United States. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 16(1), 20-33. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000459

Brown, B., Dougherty, K., Uecker, J., Schnitker, S., & Glanzer, P. (2024). Changes in politics and religiosity among students at a Protestant university. Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, 63(1), 117-136. https://doi.org/10.1111/jssr.12891

2023

*Bounds, E. M., Nelson, J. M., Melton, K, Glanzer, P. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Religiosity moderates goal courage and self-worth in collegiate Christian athletes. Religions, 14(10), 1223. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel14101223

*Al-Kire, R. L., Callaway, K., Rowatt, W., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Original photographic art induces self-transcendent emotions. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/aca0000610

Dykhuis, E. M., ‘Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Contextualized measurement of virtues: Best practices and innovations. Journal of Positive Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2023.2257639

Johnson, K. A., Moon, J. W., Schnitker, S. A., VanderWeele, T., & Johnson, B. (2023). Assessing religion and spirituality in a cross-cultural sample: Development of religion and spirituality items for the Global Flourishing Study. Religion, Brain and Behavior. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2023.2217245

Glanzer, P. L., ‘Cockle, T. F., Hill, J., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). American college students’ understandings of the Good Life: A grounded theory. Journal of Beliefs & Values. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2023.2212358

*Ratchford, J. L., Pawl, T., Jeffrey, A., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). What is virtue? Using philosophy to improve psychology definition and operationalization. Philosophical Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2023.2203157

Upenieks, L., *Bounds, E. M., Melton, K. K., Glanzer, P., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Attachment to God, contingent self-worth, and mental health outcomes in U.S. collegiate athletes. Journal of Religion and Health, 1-21. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-023-01907-3

‘Balkaya-Ince, M., ‘Tahseen, M., Umarji, O., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Does Ramadan serve as a naturalistic intervention to promote Muslim American adolescents’ daily virtues? Evidence from a three wave experience sampling study. The Journal of Positive Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2023.2169631

Mehari, K. R., Jeffrey, A., Chastang, C. M., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Transdisciplinary participatory action research: How philosophers, psychologists, and practitioners can work (well) together to promote adolescent character development within context. Journal of Positive Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2023.2179933

*Ratchford, J. L., *Ming, M. S., *Lee, Y, *Jackson, J., *Wood, M., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). A rank order approach to basic human values: Using Q-sorts to investigate the value circumplex. Personality and Individual Differences. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2023.112111

Callaway, K., *Al-Kire, R. L., Rowatt, W., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Measuring the (im)measurable: On the psycho-socio-spiritual effects of aesthetic experiences of art. Journal of Psychology and Theology, 51(3), 352-374. https://doi.org/10.1177/00916471231158557

Tsang, J., *Medenwaldt, J. M., *Williams, E. G., *Alwood, H. N., ‘Nelson, J. M., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Writing about gratitude toward God produces differential content and outcomes compared to gratitude toward other benefactors among U.S. adults. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 33(3), 169-197. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508619.2023.2192106

*Freeburg, P. A., Van Cappellen, P., *Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Meaning behind the movement: Attributing sacred meaning to fluid and non-fluid arm movements increases self-transcendent positive emotions and buffers the effects of non-fluidity on positive emotions. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality,15(3), 425-436. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rel0000463

*Lynch, B. L., *Hunt-Felke, T. J., *Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Religious affiliation, self-stigma, and economic outcomes among the Quichua of Ecuador. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 15(2), 184-194. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rel0000313

`Balkaya-Ince, M., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Advantages of using multilevel modeling approaches for the Many Analysts Religion Project. Religion, Brain, & Behavior, 13(3), 286-290. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2022.2070264

Hoogeveen, S., Sarafoglou, A., Aczel, B., Aditya, Y, Alayan, A. Allen, P. J., Altay, S., Alzahawi, S., Amir, Y., Anthony, F., Appiah, O. K., Atkinson, A. D., Baimel, A., ‘Balkaya-Ince, M., Balsamo, M., Banker, S., Bartoš, F., Becerra, M., Beffara, B., . . . Schnitker, S. A., . . . Wagenmakers, E. (2022). A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being. Religion, Brain, & Behavior, 13(3), 237-283. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2022.2070255

‘Cazzell, A. R., *Rivers, A. S., Tsang, J., *Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2023). Find, remind, blind? Support as a context for the adaptive nature of gratitude. Journal of Positive Psychology, 18(4), 636-648. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2022.2053875

2022

Allen, D. M., Strehlow, S., Chisum, A. M., Dougherty, K. D., Glanzer, P. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Student-athletes’ religious beliefs, religious behaviors, and religious identity at a Christian university. Journal of College and Character, 23(4), 333-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/2194587X.2022.2123827

*Ratchford, J. L., *Ming, M. S., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Personality profiles differentially predict well-being at the facet level: A latent profile analysis of the five factor model facets. Personality and Individual Differences, 196, 111700. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2022.111700

‘Nelson, J. M., Schnitker, S. A., *Williams, E., & Tsang, J. (2022). Intangible benefactors and the contribution of construal level and attitude accessibility in predicting gratitude and expansive emotions. Religions, 13, 866. https://doi.org/10.3390/rel13090866

‘Cazzell, A. R., *Rivers, A. S., Tsang, J., *Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Find, remind, blind? Support as a context for the adaptive nature of gratitude. Journal of Positive Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2022.2053875

*Freeburg, P. A., Van Cappellen, P., *Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Meaning behind the movement: Attributing sacred meaning to fluid and non-fluid arm movements increases self-transcendent positive emotions and buffers the effects of non-fluidity on positive emotions. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rel0000463

Pawl, T., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Christian moral wisdom, character formation, and contemporary psychology. American Catholic Philosophical Quarterly. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.5840/acpq2022120247

*Al-Kire, R. L., *Ratchford, J. L., Rowatt, W., Tsang, J., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Prejudice among the religious majority: A person-centered approach to religious prejudice among Christians in the United States. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000459

`Balkaya-Ince, M., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Advantages of using multilevel modeling approaches for the Many Analysts Religion Project. Religion, Brain, & Behavior. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2022.2070264

Hoogeveen, S., Sarafoglou, A., Aczel, B., Aditya, Y, Alayan, A. Allen, P. J., Altay, S., Alzahawi, S., Amir, Y., Anthony, F., Appiah, O. K., Atkinson, A. D., Baimel, A., ‘Balkaya-Ince, M., Balsamo, M., Banker, S., Bartoš, F., Becerra, M., Beffara, B., . . . Schnitker, S. A., . . . Wagenmakers, E. (2022). A many-analysts approach to the relation between religiosity and well-being. Religion, Brain, & Behavior. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/2153599X.2022.2070255

‘Cazzell, A. R., *Rivers, A. S., Sanford, K., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Positive exchanges buffer negative exchanges: Associations with marital satisfaction among US mixed-sex couples. Journal of Family Psychology, 36(7), 1050-1060. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/fam0000963

Abernethy, A. D., Witvliet, C. V. O., Root Luna, L. M., Foster, J. D., Putman, K. M., Currier, J. M., Schnitker, S. A., VanHarn, & Carter, J. (2022). Perceptions of divine forgiveness, religious comfort, and depression in psychiatric inpatients: A mixed methods study. Journal of Religion and Health, 61, 3710-3728. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10943-022-01511-x

`Shubert, J., *Ratchford, J., Houltberg, J., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Differentiation as discrepancies in adolescents’ perceptions of patience: An illustration of response surface analysis. Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(3), 324-340. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1858334

*Burtt, J. J., *Jones, R., *Cox, J., *Mize, D., Dougherty, K. D., Glanzer, P. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Factors associated with vertical and horizontal faith maturity at a Christian university. Journal of Research on Christian Education, 31(1), 70-87. https://doi.org/10.1080/10656219.2022.2042440

*Gilbertson, M. K., Brady, S., *Ablorh, T., Logel, C., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Closeness to God, spiritual struggles, and well-being in the first year of college. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 742265. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.742265

`Shubert, J., Houltberg, B., *Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Examinations of change in inhibitory and initiatory self-control in the context of endurance running. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology, 34(2), 273-293. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1787553

`Shubert, J., *Ratchford, J. L., Houltberg, B. J., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Disentangling character strengths from developmental competencies: Patience and self-regulatory competencies. Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(2), 203-209. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.2016904

Dougherty, K. D., Glanzer, P. L., *Robinson, J. A., *Ratchford, J. & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Baylor faith and character study: Methods and preliminary findings. Christian Higher Education, 21(3), 168-190. https://doi.org/10.1080/15363759.2021.1929564

^Tsang, J., ^Schnitker, S. A., Emmons, R. A., & Hill, P. (2022). The benefit appraisal framework: The antecedents of gratitude with an emphasis on intangible givers. Journal of Positive Psychology, 17(6), 802-818. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2021.1952480

2021

Greenway, T. S., Powell, K. E., Hanle, L. E., Jacques, P. E., & Schnitker, S. A. (2021). ‘Many are the plans’: An analysis of goals described by youth ministry leaders. Archive for the Psychology of Religion, 43(3), 253-268. https://doi.org/10.1177/00846724211036965

Schnitker, S. A., Currier, J. M., Abernethy, A. D., Witvliet, C. V. O., Foster, J. D., Root Luna, L. M., VanHarn, K., & Carter, J. (2021). Gratitude and patience moderate meaning struggles and suicidal risk in a cross-sectional study of inpatients at a Christian psychiatric hospital. Journal of Personality, 89, 1191-1205. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12644

Schnitker, S. A., `Shubert, J., *Ratchford, J. L., Lumpkin, M., & Houltberg, B. J. (2021). Mixed results on the efficacy of the CharacterMe smartphone app to improve self-control, patience, and emotional regulation competencies in adolescents. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 586713. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.586713

Schnitker, S. A., *Williams, E. G., & *Medenwaldt, J. M. (2021). Personality and social psychology approaches to religious and spiritual development in adolescents. Adolescent Research Review, 6(3), 289-307. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40894-020-00144-z

Abernethy, A. D., Currier, J. M., Schnitker, S. A., Witvliet, C. V. O., Root Luna, L. M., Foster, J. D., VanHarn, & Carter, J. (2021). Inpatient perspectives on the appropriateness of spiritually integrated interventions. Professional Psychology: Research and Practice, 52(3), 272-278. https://doi.org/10.1037/pro0000367

Schnitker, S. A., *Medenwaldt, J. M., & *Williams, E. G. (2021). Religiosity in adolescence. Current Opinion in Psychology, 40, 155-159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.copsyc.2020.09.012

^*Ratchford, J. L., ^Schnitker, S. A., & *Reppas, P. (2021). The virtue of thrift: A person-centered conceptualization and measure development. Journal of Happiness Studies, 22, 385-411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1090 2-020-00235-7

Terrell, A., Houltberg, B., *Brown, S., *Falco, R., & Schnitker, S. A. (2021). Humanitarian athletic participation and identity work. Frontiers in Sports and Active Living, 3, 669547. https://doi.org/10.3389/fspor.2021.669547

Pawl, T., *Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2021). Growth in patience in Christian moral wisdom and contemporary positive psychology. Journal of Beliefs & Values, 42(3), 333-347. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2020.1836897

*Ratchford, J. L., *Williams, E. G., *Bishara, L., Houltberg, B., & Schnitker, S. A. (2021). Mindset as characteristic adaptations: Using response surface analysis to assess mindset in the personality system. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 701510. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.7015

2020

`Shubert, J., *Ratchford, J., Houltberg, J., & Schnitker, S. A. (2020). Differentiation as discrepancies in adolescents’ perceptions of patience: An illustration of response surface analysis. Journal of Positive Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2020.1858334

^*Ratchford, J. L., ^Schnitker, S. A., & *Reppas, P. (2020). The virtue of thrift: A person-centered conceptualization and measure development. Journal of Happiness Studies. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s1090 2-020-00235-7

Shubert, J. Houltberg, B., *Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2020). Examinations of change in inhibitory and initiatory self-control in the context of endurance running. Journal of Applied Sport Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/10413200.2020.1787553

*Lynch, B. L., *Hunt-Felke, T. J., *Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2020). Religious affiliation, self-stigma, and economic outcomes among the Quichua of Ecuador. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rel0000313

Schnitker, S. A., *Ro, D., Foster, J. D., Abernethy, A. D., Currier, J. M., Witvliet, C. V. O., Root Luna, L. M., Putnam, K., VanHarn, K., & Carter, J. (2020). Patient patients: Increased patience associated with decreased depressive symptoms in psychiatric treatment. Journal of Positive Psychology, 15, 300-313. doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1610482

Schnitker, S. A., *Gilbertson, M., Houltberg, B., Hardy, S. A., & *Fernandez, N. (2020). Transcendent motivations and virtue development in adolescent marathon runners. Journal of Personality, 88, 237-248. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.12481

Schnitker, S. A., Houltberg, B., *Fernandez, N. A., & Shubert, J. (2020). Bidirectional Associations Across Time Between Entitativity, Positive Affect, Generosity, and Religiousness in Adolescents Training with a Religiously-Affiliated Charity Marathon Team. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17, Article 686. doi:10.3390/ijerph17030686

Schnitker, S. A., Houltberg, B. J., *Ratchford, J. L., & Wang, K. T. (2020). Dual pathways from religiousness to the virtue of patience versus anxiety among elite athletes. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 12, 294-303. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rel0000289

Callaway, K., *Kawakami Gilbertson, M., & Schnitker, S. A. (2020). Not all transcendence is created equal: Distinguishing the ontological, phenomenological, and subjective beliefs about transcendence. Philosophical Psychology, 33, 479-510. https://doi.org/10.1080/09515089.2020.1743254

*Hinkel, H.M., *Isaak, S.L., Abernethy, A.D., Witvliet, C.V.O., Schnitker, S.A., Root Luna, L.M., & Currier, J.M. (2020). Religiousness, meaning and quality of life: Test of a mediational model among psychiatric inpatients. Journal of Clinical Psychology. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.23096

Pawl, T., *Ratchford, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2020). Growth in patience in Christian moral wisdom and contemporary positive psychology. Journal of Beliefs & Values. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1080/13617672.2020.1836897

Schnitker, S. A., *Ratchford, J. L., & *Lorona, R. (2020). How can joy escape jingle-jangle? Virtue and telos conceptualizations as alternative approaches to the scientific study of joy. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 15, 44-48. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2019.1685572

Abernethy, A. D., Currier, J. M., Witvliet, C. V. O., Schnitker, S. A., Putman, K. M., Root Luna, L. M., Foster, J. D., *Spencer, A., *Jones, H., VanHarn, K., & Carter, J. (2020). Understanding the role of religious comfort and strain on depressive symptoms in an inpatient psychiatric setting. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 12(3), 366–375. https://doi.org/10.1037/rel0000233

2019

Schnitker, S. A., *Gilbertson, M., Houltberg, B., Hardy, S. A., & *Fernandez, N. (2019). Transcendent motivations and virtue development in adolescent marathon runners. Journal of Personality. Advance online publication. doi:10.1111/jopy.12481

Schnitker, S. A., Houltberg, B. J., *Ratchford, J. L., & Wang, K. T. (2019). Dual pathways from religiousness to the virtue of patience versus anxiety among elite athletes. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rel0000289

Schnitker, S. A., *Ratchford, J. L., & *Lorona, R. (2019). How can joy escape jingle-jangle? Virtue and telos conceptualizations as alternative approaches to the scientific study of joy. Journal of Positive Psychology. Advance online publication. doi: 10.1080/17439760.2019.1685572

Schnitker, S. A., Ro, D., Foster, J. D., Abernethy, A. D., Currier, J. M., Witvliet, C. V. O., Root Luna, L. M., Putnam, K., VanHarn, K., & Carter, J. (2019). Patient patients: Increased patience associated with decreased depressive symptoms in psychiatric treatment. Journal of Positive Psychology. Advance online publication. doi:10.1080/17439760.2019.1610482

*Shepherd, A. M., Schnitker, S. A., & *Greenway, T. S. (2019). Religious service attendance, moral foundations, God concept, and in-group giving: Testing moderated mediation. Review of Religious Research, 61, 301-322. doi:10.1007/s13644-019-00384-z

Abernethy, A. D., Currier, J. M., Witvliet, C. V. O., Schnitker, S. A., Putman, K. M., Root Luna, L. M., Foster, J. D., *Spencer, A., *Jones, H., VanHarn, K., & Carter, J. (2019). Understanding the role of religious comfort and strain on depressive symptoms in an inpatient psychiatric setting. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality. Advance online publication. doi:10.1037/rel0000233

*Greenway, T. S., *Jin, J., *Shepherd, A. M., & Schnitker, S. A. (2019). Beyond the Liberal-Conservative binary: Generosity, religion, and a latent profile analysis of Moral Foundations Questionnaire responses from a Christian sample. American Behavioral Scientist, 63, 1938-1964. doi:10.1177/0002764219850867

^Schnitker, S. A., ^*Ratchford, J., Emmons, R. A., & Barrett, J. L. (2019). High goal conflict and low goal meaning are associated with an increased likelihood of subsequent religious transformation in adolescents. Journal of Research in Personality, 80, 38-42. doi:10.1111/jopy.12481

Currier, J. M., Foster, J. D., Witvliet, C. V. O., Abernethy, A. D., Root Luna, L. M., Schnitker, S. A., VanHarn, K., & Carter, J. (2019). Spiritual struggles and mental health outcomes in a spiritually integrated inpatient program. Journal of Affective Disorders, 249, 127-135.

^Schnitker, S. A., ^King, P. E., & Houltberg, B. J. (2019). Religion, spirituality, and thriving: Transcendent narrative, virtue, and telos. Journal of Research on Adolescence, 29, 276-290. doi:10.1111/jora.12443

Schnitker, S. A., & *Richardson, K. L. (2019). Framing gratitude journaling as prayer amplifies its hedonic and eudaimonic well-being, but not health, benefits. The Journal of Positive Psychology. 14, 427-439. doi:10.1080/17439760.2018.1460690

2018

*Greenway, T. S., Schnitker, S. A., & *Shepherd, A. M. (2018). Can prayer increase charitable giving? Examining the effects of intercessory prayer, moral intuitions, and theological orientation on generous behavior. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 28, 3-18. doi:10.1080/10508619.2017.1406790

*Shepherd, A. M., Schnitker, S. A., Leffel, G. M., Oaks-Mueller, R. A., Curlin, F. A., Yoon, J. D., & *Greenway, T. (2018). Developing the Good Physician: Spirituality affects the development of virtues and moral intuitions in medical students. Journal of Positive Psychology, 13, 143-154. doi:10.1080/17439760.2016.1269185

King, P. E., Barrett, J. L., *Greenway, T. S., Schnitker, S. A., & Furrow, J. L. (2018). Mind the gap: Evolutionary psychological perspectives on human thriving. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 13, 336-345. doi:10.1080/17439760.2017.1291855

2017

Schnitker, S., Houltberg, B., Dyrness, W., & *Redmond, N. (2017). The virtue of patience, spirituality, and suffering: Integrating lessons from positive psychology, psychology of religion, and Christian theology. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9, 264-275. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rel0000099

Schnitker, S., & Emmons, R.A. (2017). The psychology of virtue: Integrating Positive Psychology and the Psychology of Religion [Editorial introduction for special issue]. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 9, 239-241. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/rel0000133

*Thomas, R. M., & Schnitker, S. A. (2017). Modeling the effects of within-person characteristic and goal-level attributes on personal project pursuit over time. Journal of Research in Personality, 69, 206-217. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2016.06.012

Schnitker, S. A., *Felke, T. J., *Fernandez, N. A., *Redmond, N., & *Blews, A. E. (2017). Efficacy of self-control and patience interventions in adolescents. Applied Developmental Science, 3, 165-183. doi: 10.1080/10888691.2016.1178578

Currier, J., Foster, J., Abernethy, A., Witvliet, C. V. O., Root Luna, L., Putman, K., Schnitker, S., VanHarn, K., & Carter, J. (2017). God imagery and affective outcomes in a spiritually-integrative inpatient program. Psychiatry Research, 254, 317-322. doi:10.1016/j.psychres.2017.05.003

Houltberg, B. J., Wang, K. T., & Schnitker, S. A. (2017). Religiousness and perceived God perfectionism among elite athletes. Journal of the Christian Society for Kinesiology, Leisure and Sport Studies, 4, 29-46.

2016 and earlier

*Fernandez, N. A., Schnitker, S. A., & Houltberg, B. (2016). Charitable sporting events as a context for building adolescent generosity: Examining the role of religiousness and spirituality. Religions, 7, 35-47. doi:10.3390/rel7030035

*Strenger, A. M., Schnitker, S. A., & *Felke, T. J. (2016). Attachment to God moderates the relation between sociocultural pressure and disordered eating behaviors as mediated by emotional eating. Mental Health, Religion, and Culture, 19, 23-36. doi:10.1080/13674676.2015.1086324.

Schnitker, S. A., *Felke, T. J., Barrett, J. L., & Emmons, R. A. (2014). Longitudinal study of religious and spiritual transformation in adolescents attending Young Life summer camp: Assessing the epistemic, intrapsychic, and moral sociability functions of conversion. Psychology of Religion and Spirituality, 6, 83-93. doi:10.1037/a0035359

Schnitker, S. A., *Felke, T. J., Barrett, J. L., & Emmons, R. A. (2014). Virtue development following spiritual transformation in adolescents attending evangelistic summer camp. Journal of Psychology and Christianity, 33, 22-35.

Schnitker, S. A., & Emmons, R. A. (2013). Spiritual striving and seeking the sacred: Religion as meaningful goal-directed behavior. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 23, 315-324. doi:10.1080/10508619.2013.795822

Schnitker, S. A. (2012). An examination of patience and well-being. Journal of Positive Psychology, 7, 263-280. doi:10.1080/17439760.2012.697185

Schnitker, S. A., Porter, T., Emmons, R. A., & Barrett, J. L. (2012). Attachment predicts adolescent conversions at Young Life religious summer camps. International Journal for the Psychology of Religion, 22, 198-215. doi: 10.1080/10508619.2012.670024

Barrett, J. L., Porter, T., Emmons, R. A., & Schnitker, S. A. (2009). Different styles reach different kids: An empirical enquiry into Young Life camping outreach programs in the USA and Europe. Journal of Youth and Theology, 8, 10-27. doi:10.1163/24055093-90000002

Schnitker, S. A., & Emmons, R. A. (2007). Patience as a virtue: Religious and psychological perspectives. Research in the Social Scientific Study of Religion, 18, 177-207. doi:10.1163/ej.9789004158511.i-301.69

EDITED CHAPTERS AND OTHER SCHOLARLY PUBLICATIONS

*Bounds, E. M., Schnitker, S. A., & Pawl, T. (in press). The courage to thrive: Pursuing the Good Life despite risk. In B. Fowers (Ed.), Courage. Oxford University Press.

‘Nelson, J. M., Tsang, J., & Schnitker, S. A. (in press). Gratitude: From relational emotion to contextualized virtue inclusive of indebtedness. In M. D. Matthews & R. M. Lerner (Eds.), Multidisciplinary Handbook of Character Development. Routledge.

*Ratchford, J. L., Pawl, T., & Schnitker, S. A. (accepted pending minor edits). Patience, perseverance, and goal pursuit: Philosophical and psychological analysis of Aquinas’s distinctions. In N. L. King (Ed.), Endurance. Oxford University Press.

Schnitker, S. A. (in press). Building virtue through app cultures: How do digital religions provide the resources as ideological, social, and transcendent contexts? In H. A. Campbell & P. Cheong (Eds.), The Oxford Handbook of Digital Religion. Oxford University Press.

Schnitker, S. A. (in press). Virtues as protective factors in mental illness: Examination of patience and gratitude at Pine Rest Christian Mental Health Services. In A. D. Abernethy (Ed.), Spirituality, Virtues, and Meaning in the Midst of Psychological Suffering: How a Research Collaboration Informs Practice. Lexington Books.

2022

*Ratchford, J. L., *Ming, M., & Schnitker, S. A. (2022). Virtues in positive psychology and the psychology of religion and spirituality. In E. B. Davis, E. L. Worthington, Jr., & S. A. Schnitker (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology, religion, and spirituality (pp. 53-67). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_4

Davis, E. B., Worthington, E. L., Jr., Schnitker, S. A., *Glowiak, K. J., *Lemke, A. W., & *Hamilton, C. (2022). Integrating positive psychology and the psychology of religion and spirituality: Transcending coexistence to potentiate coevolution. In E. B. Davis, E. L. Worthington, Jr., & S. A. Schnitker (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology, religion, and spirituality (pp. 3-19). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_1

Davis, E. B., Schnitker, S. A., Worthington, E. L., Jr., & *Lacey, E. K. (2022). Future directions for positive psychology of religion and spirituality. In E. B. Davis, E. L. Worthington, Jr., & S. A. Schnitker (Eds.), Handbook of positive psychology, religion, and spirituality (pp. 493-507). Springer Nature. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-10274-5_31

2021

Schnitker, S. A., & Emmons, R. A. (2021). Personality and religion. In O. P. John & R. W. Robins (Eds.), Handbook of Personality (4^thEd, pp. 707-723). The Guilford Press.

2020

Schnitker, S. A., Callaway, K., & *Gilbertson, M. K. (2020). Positive youth development and technology: Developing character in youth in the present technological landscape. In R. K. Bolger & K. Callaway (Eds.), Techno-Sapiens in a Networked Era: Becoming Digital Neighbors (pp. 99-119). Eugene, OR: Wipf & Stock Publishers.

King, P. E., Schnitker, S. A., & Houltberg, B. (2020). Religious groups and institutions as a context for moral development. In L. A. Jensen (Ed.), The Oxford Handbook of Moral Development (pp.xxx-xxx). New York, NY: The Guilford Press.

Sherman, M. D., Schnitker, S. A., Doering., A. C., & Slattengren, A. H. (2020). Ten tips for cultivate patience during uncertain times. Family Practice Management, 27(4), 43-44.

2019

*Gilbertson, M. K., Schnitker, S. A., & Carter, E. R. (2019). Virtue interventions and interracial interactions. In L. Van Zyl and I. Rothmann (Eds.), Theoretical Approaches to Multi-cultural Positive Psychological Interventions (pp. 229-259). Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature.

2014 and earlier

Schnitker, S. A., *Blews, A. E., & *Foss, J. A. (2014). Patience and self-renewal. In E. A. Maynard and R. J. Wicks (Eds.), Clinician’s Guide to Self-Renewal: Essential Advice from the Field (pp. 205-227). Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons.

Schnitker, S. A., & *Westbrook, J. T. (2014). Do good things come to those who wait? Patience interventions to improve well-being. In A. C. Parks and S. M. Schueller (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell Handbook of Positive Psychological Interventions (pp. 155-167). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

Emmons, R. A., & Schnitker, S. A. (2013). Gods and goals: Religion and purposeful action. In R. F. Paloutzian and C. L. Park (Eds.), The Handbook of the Psychology of Religion and Spirituality (2^nd Edition, pp. 256-273). New York: The Guilford Press.

Schnitker, S. A., & Emmons, R. A. (2013). Positive psychology and religion. In A. L. C. Runehov, L. Oviedo, & N. P. Azari (Eds.), Encyclopedia of Sciences and Religions (pp. 1807-1814). Heidelberg, Germany: Springer.

Noftle, E. E., Schnitker, S. A., & Robins, R. W. (2011). Character and personality: Connections between positive psychology and personality psychology. In K. M. Sheldon, T. B. Kashdan, & M. F. Steger (Eds.), Designing the Future of Positive Psychology: Taking Stock and Moving Forward (pp. 207-227). New York, New York: Oxford University Press.

Emmons, R. A., Barrett, J. L., & Schnitker, S. A. (2008). Personality and the capacity for religious and spiritual experience. In O. P. John, R. W. Robins, & L. A. Pervin (Eds.), Handbook of Personality (3^rd Ed, pp.634-653). New York: The Guilford Press.

MAGAZINE ARTICLES AND BOOK REVIEWS

Schnitker, S. A., Medenwaldt, J., & Davis, L. (2021). 9 to 5: The enneagram’s many personality types still have not found much scientific support; Other approaches to personality have—and may be just as helpful in spiritual formation. Christianity Today.

Schnitker, S. A. (2018). Cultivating patience: Digging deeper with Margaret Whipp [Review of the book, The grace of waiting: Learning patience and embracing its gifts]. Modern Believing, 59, 262-263.

Schnitker, S. A. (2016, October 24). A journey of science, sickness, and growth [Web log post]. Retrieved from https://community.jewelneverbroken.com/never-broken-a-journey-of-science-sickness-and-growth-by-sarah-a-schnitker-ph-d/

Schnitker, S. A., & Houltberg, B. J. (2016). Building virtues in youth: A developmental take on spiritual formation. Fuller, 5, 68-73.

Schnitker, S. A. (2014, June). The happiest place on earth? The Table, 3, 8. Retrieved from https://cct.biola.edu/happiest-place-earth/

Schnitker, S. A. (2008). The how of happiness [Review of the book The how of happiness: The scientific approach to getting the life you want]. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 3, 215-217.

MANUSCRIPTS UNDER REVIEW

Mehari, K. R., Jeffrey, A., Chastang, C. M., & Schnitker, S. A. (under review). Transdisciplinary participatory action research: How philosophers, psychologists, and practitioners can work (well) together to promote adolescent character development within context. Manuscript submitted for publication.

*Marple, C. A., Jeffrey, A., & Schnitker, S. A. (under review). Reappraisal as a means to self-transcendence: Duns Scotus’s model of emotion regulation informs the extended process model. Manuscript submitted for publication.

*Al-Kire, R. L., Davis, L., Konrath, S., & Schnitker, S. A. (under review). Social dominance orientation increased among U.S. college students from 1992-2018: Evidence from a cross-temporal meta-analysis. Manuscript submitted for publication.

*Ming, M. S., *Ratchford, J. L., Glanzer, P. L., Dougherty, K. D., & Schnitker, S. A. (under review). Virtue battle: Gratitude, forgiveness, patience, and intellectual humility predict longitudinal changes in anxiety and depressive symptoms. Manuscript submitted for publication.

‘Cazzell, A. R., *Wood, E. K., Owens, B. P., Quinn, R. E., & Schnitker, S. A. (under review). Thinking outside the bag of virtues: A holistic model of character for positive psychology. Manuscript submitted for publication.

*Ratchford, J. L., Pawl, T., & Schnitker, S. A. (under review). What is virtue? Using philosophy to improve psychology definition and operationalization. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Lavelock, C. R., Worthington, E. L., Griffin, B. J., Cairo, A. H., & Schnitker, S. A. (under review). Good things come to those who (peacefully) wait. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Callaway, K., *Al-Kire, R. L., Rowatt, W., & Schnitker, S. A. (under review). Measuring the (im)measurable: On the psycho-socio-spiritual effects of aesthetic experiences of art. Manuscript submitted for publication.

Tsang, J., *Medenwaldt, J. M., *Williams, E. G., *Alwood, H. N., & Schnitker, S. A. (under review). Is gratitude toward God distinctive? Content and comparisons. Manuscript submitted for publication.

*Ratchford, J. L., *Ming, M. S., *Lee, Y, *Jackson, J., *Wood, M., & Schnitker, S. A. (under review). A person-centered approach to basic human values. Manuscript submitted for publication.

* indicates student co-author, ` indicates post-doc co-author, ^ indicates co-first-author